(τὸ καιόμενον

καίω

kindle: pres part mp masc acc sg

καίω

kindle: pres part mp neut nom /voc /acc sg

καίω (Hom.+) fut. καύσω LXX; 1 aor. ἔκαυσα. Pass. 1 aor. inf. καυθῆναι (MPol 5:2 v.l.) and 2 aor. (B-D-F §76, 1; Rob. 349f) καῆναι (MPol 5:2; 12:3); fut. καυθήσομαι (καυθήσωμαι 1 Cor 13:3 v.l., an impossible form, s. W-S. §13, 7; B-D-F §28; Mlt-H. 219) and καήσομαι (Hs 4, 4); pf. ptc. κεκαυμένος.

① to cause to be lighted or be on fire, to light, to have/keep burning

ⓐ lit. λύχνον a lamp (Posidon: 87 Fgm. 94 Jac.; cp. Lev 24:2, 4; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 308; PGM 4, 2372) Mt 5:15 (so act. καίω τι X., An. 4, 4, 12; 4, 1, 11; EpJer 18. But, in contrast to ἅπτω, κ. lays the emphasis less upon the act of lighting than on keeping a thing burning; s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 80.—Diod S 13, 111, 2 πυρὰ κάειν=keep fires burning). Pass. w. act. sense be lit, burn Mk 4:21 v.l. λύχνοι καιόμενοι (Artem. 2, 9; cp. Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 36. 1, 1 Jac. καιομένου τοῦ λύχνου; Ex 27:20; Jos., Ant. 8, 90) Lk 12:35; J 5:35; λαμπάδες … καιόμεναι Rv 4:5; GJs 7:2; cp. ἀστὴρ … καιόμενος ὡς λαμπάς Rv 8:10. πῦρ καιόμενον (Hdt. 1, 86; Is 4:5; SibOr 7, 6) MPol 11:2a. κλίβανος καιόμενος a burning or heated oven (Hos 7:4) 2 Cl 16:3. W. πυρί added (Pla., Phd. 113a εἰς τόπον μέγαν πυρὶ πολλῷ καιόμενον) Hb 12:18 (cp. Dt 4:11; 5:23; 9:15); Rv 8:8. πυρὶ καὶ θείῳ w. fire and brimstone (cp. Is 30:33) 21:8; cp. 19:20.

ⓑ fig. of emotional experience (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 762 ἡ ὀδύνη καίουσα; Philo, Decal. 49 καιόμενοι κ. κατακαιόμενοι ὑπὸ τ. ἐπιθυμιῶν) of the heart οὐχὶ ἡ καρδία ἡμῶν καιομένη ἦν; were not our hearts burning? Lk 24:32 (cp. PGM 7, 472 καιομένην τὴν ψυχὴν κ. τὴν καρδίαν; TestNapht 7:4 ἐκαιόμην τοῖς σπλάγχνοις. PGrenf I, 1 I, 9 [II B.C.] συνοδηγὸν ἔχω τὸ πολὺ πῦρ τὸ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ μου καιόμενον. Cp. Ps 38:4. On the variants s. in addition to the comm. WAllen, JTS 2, 1901, 299).

② to cause someth. to burn so as to be consumed, burn (up) act. trans. (Hom. et al.; Job 15:34; Just., A I, 53f) MPol 18:1. Pass. intr. be burned (Is 5:24; Jos., Ant. 4, 248 [ἡ παιδίσκη] καιέσθω ζῶσα) Mt 13:40 v.l. (for κατακαίεται, s. κατακαίω) J 15:6; Hs 4:4. The stones being burned Hv 3, 2, 9; 3, 7, 2 are to be understood as representing apostates: ApcPt Bodl. (restored by Bartlet).—MPol 12:3a. σὰρξ καιομένη 15:2. δεῖ με ζῶντα καυθῆναι I must be burned alive 5:2; cp. 12:3b (Ael. Aristid, 36, 67 K.=48 p. 465 D.: καυθήσεσθαι ζῶντες; 45 p. 74 D.; Appian, Hann. 31 §132 ζῶντας ἔκαυσε). The mng. is disputed in ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶμά μου ἵνα καυθήσομαι 1 Cor 13:3 v.l. (for καυχήσωμαι; s. καυχάομαι 1). Most scholars in this connection think of martyrdom (e.g. Ltzm., JSickenberger, H-D Wendland.—Cp. e.g. Da 3:19f; 2 Macc 7:5; 4 Macc 6:26; 7:12; Jos., Ant. 17, 167. Also Dio Chrys. 7 [8], 16 μαστιγούμενον κ. τεμνόμενον κ. καόμενον).—JWeiss (in Meyer⁹) and FDölger (Antike u. Christentum I 1929, 254–70) prefer to interpret it as voluntary self-burning (Diod S 17, 107, 1–6 Κάλανος; Lucian, Peregr. 20 καύσων ἑαυτόν of Peregr.; RFick, D. ind. Weise Kalanos u. s. Flammentod: NGG, Phil.-Hist. Kl. ’38; NMacnicol, ET 55, ’43/44, 50–52). KSchmidt (TW III 466–69) leaves the choice open betw. the two possibilities mentioned.—Preuschen (ZNW 16, 1915, 127–38) interprets it to mean brand, mark as a slave by branding, i.e. to sell oneself as a slave and present the purchase price to charity (for the idea s. 1 Cl 55:2).—B. 75. DELG. M-M. TW.

     σβέννυμι

     σβέννῡμι

    и (только praes.) σβεννύω (эп. fut. σβέσσω, aor. ἔσβεσα - эп. ἔσβεσσα, inf. aor. σβέσσαι; aor. 2 ἔσβην в знач. pass.)

    1) тушить, гасить

(τὸ καιόμενον Her.; δύναμιν πυρός NT.)

; pass. гаснуть, тухнуть

    

(οὐδέ ποτε ἔσβη πῦρ Hom.; αἱ λαμπάδες σβέννυνται NT.)

    2) перен. погашать, возмещать

    

(φόνῳ φόνον Soph.)

    3) успокаивать, умерять, унимать, смирять, обуздывать, сдерживать

    

(μένος ἀνθρώπων Hom.; ὕβριν Her.; ἐπιρροήν Plat.; τέν θερμότητα Arst.)

    4) подавлять, уничтожать

    

(Ἑλλάδα φωνήν Anth.)

    5) иссушать

    

ἡ Μηδικέ πόα σβέννυσι τὸ γάλα Arst. — от мидийской травы (у коров) пропадает молоко;

    6) приправлять, сдабривать

    

(ἡδύσμασι μυρίοις τὸν φόνον Plut.)

κατα-σβέννῡμι or [suff] κατα-ύω, [dialect] Ion. [tense] aor. inf.

A

- σβῶσαι Herod.5.39

:—put out, quench,

κατέσβεσε θεσπιδαὲς πῦρ Il.21.381

, cf. 16.293 (tm.), E. Or. 697, etc.: metaph., ἔστιν θάλασσα, τίς δέ νιν κατασβέσει; who shall dry it up? A.Ag. 958, cf. Th. 584; κ. βοήν, ἔριν, quell noise, strife, S.Aj. 1149, OC 422;

ἀνομίαν Critias 25.40

D.;

τὰς ἡδονάς Pl. Lg. 838b

;

τὴν δυσχέρειαν Id.Prt. 334c

;

τὴν ταραχήν X.Cyr.5.3.55

;

Χολήν Herod.

l. c.; κ. τὰ τραύματα heal them, Luc.DMar.11.1.

II [voice] Pass., [tense] fut. - σβήσομαι (v. infr.), with [tense] aor. 2 and [tense] pf. [voice] Act., go out, be quenched, καιόμενον τὸν Χρυσὸν κατασβῆναι ([tense] aor. 2) Hdt.4.5;

κατασβεσθῆναι τὴν πυρήν Id.1.87

; ὁ κάνθαρος (i. e. the Sun)

- σβήσεται PMag.Lend.V.2.18

: metaph.,

κλαυμάτων πηγαὶ.. κατεσβήκασι A.Ag. 888

; of tumours,

κατέσβη Hp.Epid.1.1

; κατασβεννύμενος, of passion, Pl.R. 411c;

κατασβεσθεὶς ταῖς ἐλπίσιν Plu.2.168f

; of the wind, Id.Tim.19.

σβέννῡμι, Hdt.2.66, Pl.Lg. 835e, etc.; [full] σβεννύω, Pi.P.1.5, Hp.Acut. 54, Thphr.Ign.19, etc.: [tense] impf.

A

ἐσβέννυον Paus.4.21.4

: [tense] fut. σβέσω App BC2.68, ([etym.] κατα-) A.Ag. 958, E.IT 633; [dialect] Ep. σβέσσω Orac. ap. Hdt. 8.77, Theoc.23.26: [tense] aor.

ἔσβεσα Il.16.293

(tm.), S.Aj. 1057, Ar.Av. 778 (lyr.); [dialect] Ep. inf.

σβέσσαι Il.16.621

; [dialect] Ion. inf.

κατα-ς βῶσαι Herod. 5.39

: [tense] pf. and [tense] aor. 2, v. infr.:—[voice] Med., [tense] fut. σβήσομαι ([etym.] ἀπο-) Pl.Lg. 805c: [tense] aor.

σβέσαντο Q.S.1.795

:—[voice] Pass., Hes.Op. 590: [tense] fut.

σβεσθήσομαι Gal.7.17

: [tense] aor.

ἐσβέσθην Hp.Acut.

(Sp.) 26, ([etym.] κατ-) X.HG5.3.8; [dialect] Ep.

συν-έσβετο Opp.H.2.477

, etc.: [tense] pf.

ἔσβεσμαι Longin.21.1

, Ael.NA9.54, etc., ([etym.] ἀπ-) Hp.Int.43:—besides these, [tense] aor. 2 and [tense] pf. and [tense] plpf. [voice] Act. are used intr.,

ἔσβην Il.9.471

, ([etym.] ἀπ-) E.Fr. 971, ([etym.] κατ-) Hdt.4.5; imper. σβῆτε (trans.) Sophr. in Stud.Ital.10.123; part.

ἀπο-σβείς Hp.Epid.4.31

: [tense] pf. ἔσβηκα ([etym.] ἀπ-) X.Cyr.8.8.13, ([etym.] κατ-) A.Ag. 888: [tense] plpf. ἐσβήκει ([etym.] ἀπ-) Pl.Smp. 218b:—quench, put out, used by Hom. in the literal sense only in compd. κατα-σβέννυμι (q.v.);

σ. τὸ καιόμενον Hdt.2.66

;

κεραυνόν Pi.P.1.6

;

φλόγα Th.2.77

, A.R.4.668.

2 of liquids, dry up,

ἡ Μηδικὴ πόα σ. τὸ γάλα Arist.HA 522b25

, cf. AP9.549 (Antiphil.).

3 generally and metaph., quench, quell, check,

κεῖνός γ' οὐκ ἐθέλει σβέσσαι χόλον Il.9.678

;

ἀνθρώπων σβέσσαι μένος 16.621

;

ὕβριν Simon.

( 132) ap.Hdt.5.77, cf. Orac. ap. eund.8.77, Heraclit.43, Pl.Lg. 835e;

εἰ μὴ θεῶν τις τήνδε πεῖραν ἔσβεσεν S.Aj. 1057

;

ὡς φόνῳ σβέσῃ φόνον E.HF40

;

ἔσβεσε κύματα νήνεμος αἴθρη Ar.Av. 778

;

σ. αὔξην καὶ ἐπιρροήν Pl.Lg. 783b

; τὸν θυμόν ib. 888a; καῦμα (in the bowels) Hp.Acut.54;

ὁ βορέας σ. τὴν θερμότητα Arist.Mete. 347b4

; λιθάργυρον ὄξει ἢ οἴνῳ ς. cooling it, Dsc.5.87; ὕδατι δίψαν ς. A.R.3.1349; σ. τυραννίδα Epigr. ap. Plu.Lyc.20;

κλέος AP9.104

(Alph.); Ἑλλάδα φωνήν ib. 451; regard as extinguishable,

ταύτας τὰς δυνάμεις Plot.6.4.10

.

II [voice] Pass. σβέννυμαι (with intr. tenses of [voice] Act., v. supr.), to be quenched, go out, of fire,

οὐδέ ποτ' ἔσβη πῦρ Il.9.471

; of inflamed pustules, go down, disappear, Hp.Acut. (Sp.) 26; ἰχθύων.. ᾠὰ μετὰ ἁλῶν σβεσθέντα (s.v.l.)

καὶ ἐποπτηθέντα Diph.Siph.

ap. Ath.3.121c: metaph. of men, become extinct, die, AP 7.20 (Simon.?); of a city, ib.9.178 (Antiphil.).

2 of liquids, run dry,

γάλα Arist.HA 587b28

;

πηγαί AP9.128

;

αἷμα Plu.2.49d

; αἶγες σβεννύμεναι goats which are going off their milk, Hes.Op. 590.

3 generally, to be quelled or lulled, of wind,

οὐδέ ποτ' ἔσβη οὖρος Od.3.182

; of sound,

σβέννυτο θωρήκων ἐνοπή Tryph.10

: metaph.,

τὸ μάχιμον σβεννύμενον ὑπὸ γήρως Plu.Pomp.8

; ἐσβέσθη Νίκανδρος his charm is quenched, AP12.39; of an orator, D.H.Pomp. 4;

ἐσβέσθη τὰ φίλτρα AP7.221

, cf. Philostr.VA1.33, Longin.21.1; of legal proceedings, to be cancelled,

διὰ τὸ ἐσβέσθαι πᾶν σπέρμα δίκης PMonac.1.43

(vi A.D.). (I.-E. zg[uglide]es-, cf. ζείναμεν· σβέννυμεν, Hsch., Lith. gèsti 'to be extinguished'.)

ἐπιῤ-ῥαπίζω, mit der Rute schlagen, peitschen, übh. schlagen; übtr., mit Worten strafen, schelten, tadeln; ἀλώπεκα τὴν οὐρὰν διάβροχον ἐκ τοῦ ποταμοῦ φέρουσαν ἐπιῤῥαπίζειν τὁ καιόμενον πῦρ, hineinschlagen u. das Feuer dadurch ersticken

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `kindle',

Other forms: intr. perf. δέδηα `burn', ptc. δεδαυμένος (Semon. 30 B), δάηται (Υ 316, Φ 375), aor. δαῆναι, ἐκδαβῃ̃ (= -Ϝῃ̃) ἐκκαυθῃ̃. Λάκωνες H. (Il.).

Compounds: Compp. ἀνα- (A.) κατα- (H.). θεσπι-δᾰές ( πῦρ, Μ 177 etc.) `flaming godlike' (rather to aor. δαῆναι then to δάος?). δᾳδοῦχος `holding a torch'.

Derivatives: δάος n. (\< *δάϜος) `torch' (Hom.) with δᾱνός \< *δαϜεσ-νός `good for a torch, dry' (ο 322, Ar. Pax 1134 [lyr.]). δᾱλός m. `fire-brand' (Il.) \< *δᾰϜελός (= δαβελός δαλός. Λάκωνες H.), δαελός (Sophr.); *δάϜος:* δαϜελ-ός like νέφος: νεφέλ-η; further δαῦλον ἡμίφλεκτον ξύλον H. Demin. δᾱλίον (Ar.); δᾱλός also = μελάνουρος ἰχθύς H. (from the light-organs, Strömberg Fischnamen 55f., or because of the black tail?), metaph. `burnt out = old man' (AP), with hypocoristic gemination δαλλώ ἡ ἀπόπληκτος. οἱ δε την ἔξωρον παρθένον η γυναῖκα καὶ πρεσβυτέραν H. δαΐς (\< *δαϜίς), - ίδος, Att. δᾳς, δᾳδός (s. below) f. `torch' (Il.), from where the demin. δᾳδίον (Ar.), δᾳδίς `torch-feast' (Luc.), δᾳδινος `to the torch, of pine-wood' (Gal.), δᾳδώδης `resinous' (Thphr., Plut.) to δᾳς `fire-brand', `disease in pines, resin-glut' (Thphr.); δᾳδόομαι `become afflicted with resin-glut' with δᾳδωσις (Thphr.), s. Strömberg Theophrastea 167. δαύακες θυμάλωπες H., cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 118, Grošelj Živa Ant. 2, 206. δαερόν μέλαν. καὶ τὸ καιόμενον H., perh. also Emp. 90 for δαλερός. δαηρόν θερμόν, καυματηρόν, λαμπρόν, προφανές H. δαηθμόν ἐμπρησμόν H., on the formation s. Chantr. Form. 137f.; Latte with Voß for it δαιθμόν. δαῦκος ὁ θρασύς. καὶ βοτάνη τις Κρητική H., s. s. v. Here also δαΐ `in battle' \< *δαϜ-ί, loc. of a root noun *δαῦς (Schwyzer 578)?.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [179] * deh₂u- `burn'

Etymology: As shown by δεδαυμένος, δαίω is from *δαϜ-ι̯ω. From metathesized (cf Kor. ΔιδαίϜων) *δαίϜω originates Att. δᾳς (δᾱις \< *δαιϜ-ις). The perfect δέδηα \< *δέ-δᾱϜ-α resembles Skt. du-dāv-a (gramm.), to which present du-nó-ti `burn'. Further Skt. forms in Pok. 179f. So IE *d(e)h₂u̯-? Further perhaps OIr. dōim `burn', OHG zuscen `id.'. See δύη; and δήϊος.

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λύχνος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob; TestSim 8:4; ParJer 9:14 [Christ.]; Just., D. 10, 1) lamp (of metal or clay [Artem. 2, 9 p. 96, 20f λύχνος χαλκοῦς, ὀστράκινος].—Oil-burning: Posidonius: 87 Fgm. 94 Jac.; Diod S 1, 34, 11; Chariton 1, 1, 15; PGM 7, 359–64. S. λυχνία.—λυχνία beside λύχνος: Artem. 1, 74 p. 67, 12; IKos 36d, 7; 8; TestAbr B p. 109, 19 [Stone p. 66]; TestJob 32:9; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 296 καίεσθαι λύχνους ἐπὶ τῆς λυχνίας; Jos., Bell. 7, 429, Ant. 3, 182; 199)

ⓐ lit. Lk 11:36; GPt 5:18. φῶς λύχνου (Chariton 1, 1, 15; M. Ant. 12, 15) light of a lamp Rv 22:5; cp. 18:23; ἔρχεται ὁ λ. a lamp is brought in Mk 4:21; καίειν λ. Mt 5:15 (Paus. 3, 17, 8 τὸν καιόμενον λύχνον). λ. ἅπτειν light a lamp (ἅπτω 1.—As a symbol of someth. out of place Paroem. Gr.: Diogenian 6, 27 λ. ἐν μεσημβρίᾳ ἅπτειν. Likew. an unknown comic poet: Fgm. 721 K.) Lk 8:16; 11:33; 15:8. φαί̣ν̣[ων] οὐ λύχνῳ illumined without a lamp AcPl Ha 3, 28f.—Use of the lamp as a symbol: ἔστωσαν ὑμῶν … οἱ λύχνοι καιόμενοι Lk 12:35 (Artem. 2, 9 λ. καιόμενος); cp. D 16:1. The Baptist as ὁ λύχνος ὁ καιόμενος κ. φαίνων J 5:35 (of Christ ὁ ἄσβεστος λ. ParJer 9:14). The believers are to pay attention to the prophetic word ὡς λύχνῳ φαίνοντι 2 Pt 1:19 (cp. Ps 118:105 λύχνος … ὁ λόγος σοῦ).

ⓑ as metaph. (Lycophron vs. 422 λύχνοι are the eyes as vs. 846 λαμπτήρ an eye) ὁ λ. τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός the lamp of the body is the eye Mt 6:22; Lk 11:34 (FSchwencke, ZWT 55, 1913, 251–60; WBrandt, ZNW 14, 1913, 97–116; 177–201; BBacon, Exp. 8th ser., 7, 1913, 275–88; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 189–207; GSchneider, Das Bildwort von der Lampe etc., ZNW 61, ’70, 183–209.—Further lit. s.v. ἁπλοῦς). Of the Spirit of God λ. ἐρευνῶν τὰ ταμιεῖα τῆς γαστρός 1 Cl 21:2 (Pr 20:27 A). Of the heavenly Jerusalem ὁ λ. αὐτῆς τὸ ἀρνίον Rv 21:23.—KGalling, D. Beleuchtungsgeräte im isr.-jüd. Kulturgebiet: ZDPV 46, 1923, 1–50; RSmith, BA 27, ’64, 1–31, 101–24; 29, ’66, 2–27.—B. 484; Pauly-W. XIII 1566ff; Kl. Pauly III 478ff. OEANE III 326–30. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

πῦρ, ός, τό (Hom.+) fire

ⓐ of earthly fire, as an important element in creation Dg 7:2.—Mt 17:15; Mk 9:22; Ac 28:5; Js 5:3 (cp. 4 Macc 15:15); ITr 2:3. Melting lead 2 Cl 16:3. Necessary for forging metals Dg 2:3. Testing precious metals for purity 1 Pt 1:7; Hv 4, 3, 4; in metaphor Rv 3:18. For ἄνθρακες πυρός Ro 12:20 s. ἄνθραξ. For κάμινος (τοῦ) πυρός (Iren. 5, 5, 2 [Harv. II 332, 2) 1 Cl 45:7; 2 Cl 8:2 s. κάμινος. For βάλλειν εἰς (τὸ) π. s. βάλλω 1b.—περιάπτειν πῦρ kindle a fire Lk 22:55. κατακαίειν τι πυρί burn someth. (up) with fire, in a pass. construction Mt 13:40; τινὰ ἐν πυρὶ Rv 17:16 (v.l. without ἐν). Pass. construction 18:8. ὑπὸ πυρὸς κατακαίεσθαι MPol 5:2 (κατακαίω, end). πῦρ καιόμενον 11:2b (καίω 1a). πυρὶ καίεσθαι Hb 12:18; Rv 8:8 (καίω 1a). Fire is used in comparisons γλῶσσαι ὡσεὶ πυρός Ac 2:3 (Ezek. Trag. 234 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 14] ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ φέγγος ὡς πυρὸς ὤφθη ἡμῖν). φλὸξ πυρός a flame of fire (Ex 3:2; Is 29:6; PsSol 15:4; JosAs 14:9): ὀφθαλμοὶ ὡς φλὸξ πυρός Rv 1:14; cp. 2:18; 19:12.—Of a Christian worker who has built poorly in the congregation it is said σωθήσεται ὡς διὰ πυρός he will be saved as if through (the) fire, i.e. like a person who must pass through a wall of fire to escape fr. a burning house (Ps.-Crates, Ep. 6 [=Malherbe p. 56] κἂν διὰ πυρός; Jos., Ant. 17, 264 διὰ τοῦ πυρός; Diod S 1, 57, 7; 8 διὰ τοῦ φλογὸς … σωθείς from a burning tent) 1 Cor 3:15 (HHollander, NTS 40, ’94, 89–104; s. σῴζω 3). Cp. Jd 23 (ἁρπάζω 2a).—Of the torture of a loyal confessor by fire IRo 5:3; ISm 4:2; MPol 2:3; 11:2a; 13:3; 15:1f; 16:1; 17:2; cp. Hb 11:34; in imagery of Rome ἀπέρχομαι εἰς κάμινον πυρός AcPl Ha 6, 20 (cp. b below).

ⓑ of fire that is heavenly in origin and nature (cp. Diod S 4, 2, 3 of the ‘fire’ of lightning, accompanying the appearance of Zeus; 16, 63, 3 τὸ θεῖον πῦρ; Just., D. 88, 3 πῦρ ἀνήφθη ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῳ [at Jesus’ baptism]. In gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 17, 1 [Harv. I 164, 14]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 9, 5.—Orig., C. Cels. 4, 13, 19): an angel appears to Moses ἐν φλογὶ πυρὸς βάτου in the flame of a burning thorn-bush Ac 7:30 (s. Ex 3:2; cp. Just., A I, 62, 3 ἐν ἰδέᾳ πυρός.—PKatz, ZNW 46, ’55, 133–38). God makes τοὺς λειτουργοὺς αὐτοῦ πυρὸς φλόγα (cp. Ps 103:4, esp. in the v.l. [ARahlfs, Psalmi cum Odis ’31]) Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3. Corresp., there burn before the heavenly throne seven λαμπάδες πυρός Rv 4:5 and the ‘strong angel’ 10:1 has πόδες ὡς στῦλοι πυρός, but both of these pass. fit equally well in a. Fire appears mostly as a means used by God to execute punishment: in the past, in the case of Sodom ἔβρεξεν πῦρ καὶ θεῖον ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ Lk 17:29 (Gen 19:24; cp. 1QH 3:31). Cp. Lk 9:54 (4 Km 1:10, 12; TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 13 [Stone p. 24, 13] ἐξ οὐρανοῦ; Jos., Ant. 9, 23 πῦρ ἀπʼ οὐρανοῦ πεσόν). Quite predom. in connection w. the Last Judgment: the end of the world διʼ αἵματος καὶ πυρός Hv 4, 3, 3; cp. Ac 2:19 (Jo 3:3. Also Sib-Or 4, 173; 5, 376f); Rv 8:7. κόσμος αἴρεται ἐν πυρί AcPl Ha 2, 26; 9, 11. The Judgment Day ἐν πυρὶ ἀποκαλύπτεται makes its appearance with fire 1 Cor 3:13a; cp. 13b (JGnilka, Ist 1 Cor 3:10–15 … Fegfeuer? ’55); 2 Pt 3:7 (on first-century cosmological views s. FDowning, L’AntCl 64, ’95, 99–109, esp. 107f). When Jesus comes again he will reveal himself w. his angels ἐν πυρὶ φλογός (cp. Sir 45:19) 2 Th 1:8. Oft. in Rv: fire is cast fr. heaven upon the earth 8:5; 13:13; 20:9 (καταβαίνω 1b). It proceeds fr. the mouths of God’s two witnesses 11:5 and fr. the mouths of plague-bringing horses 9:17f. See 16:8. For πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τ. ὑπεναντίους Hb 10:27 s. ζῆλος 1, end. ἡ χείρ μου πυρὶ ἀποπίπτει ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ my hand falls off me from (burning in) the fire GJs 20:1 (codd.).—The fire w. which God punishes sinners (cp. ApcSed 4:1 κόλασις καὶ πῦρ ἐστιν ἡ παίδευσίς σου) οὐ σβέννυται (cp. Is 66:24) Mk 9:48; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5. Hence it is called (s. PGM 5, 147 τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἀθάνατον): (τὸ) πῦρ (τὸ) αἰώνιον (4 Macc 12:12; TestZeb 10:3; GrBar 4:16; Just., A I, 21, 6 al.; Tat. 17, 1; Theoph. Ant. 1, 14 [p. 92, 9]) Mt 18:8; 25:41; Jd 7; Dg 10:7 (opp. τὸ πῦρ τὸ πρόσκαιρον 10:8). πῦρ ἄσβεστον (ἄσβεστος 1) Mt 3:12; Mk 9:43, 45 v.l.; Lk 3:17; 2 Cl 17:7; IEph 16:2; AcPl Ha 1, 22. It burns in the γέεννα (τοῦ) πυρός (ApcEsdr 1:9 p. 25, 1 Tdf.; s. γέεννα and cp. En 10:13 τὸ χάος τοῦ πυρός) Mt 5:22; 18:9 (cp. 1QS 2:7f); Mk 9:47 v.l.; 2 Cl 5:4 (a saying of Jesus not recorded elsewhere). ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρὸς (καὶ θείου) Rv 19:20; 20:10, 14ab, 15 (cp. Jos As 12, 10 ἄβυσσον τοῦ πυρός); cp. Rv 21:8; 14:10, 18; 15:2. The fiery place of punishment as ἡ κάμινος τοῦ πυρός Mt 13:42, 50 (difft. AcPl Ha 6, 20 see at the end of a, above). τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ fire awaits that person AcPlCor 2:37. The fire of hell is also meant in certain parables and allegories, in which trees and vines represent persons worthy of punishment Mt 3:10; 7:19; Lk 3:9; J 15:6. The one whose coming was proclaimed by John the Baptist βαπτίσει ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί; whether πῦρ in Mt 3:11; Lk 3:16 refers to reception of the Holy Spirit (esp. in Lk 3:16) or to the fire of divine judgment is debatable; for association of πῦρ with πνεῦμα s. Ac 2:3f; AcPlCor 2:13 (βαπτίζω 3b). As Lord of Judgment God is called πῦρ καταναλίσκον Hb 12:29 (Dt 4:24; 9:3.—Mesomedes calls Isis πῦρ τέλεον ἄρρητον [IAndrosIsis p. 145, 14]).—Of a different kind is the idea that fire is to be worshiped as a god (Maximus Tyr. 2, 4b of the Persians: πῦρ δέσποτα; Theosophien 14 p. 170, 11 τὸ πῦρ ἀληθῶς θεός) Dg 8:2.

ⓒ fig. (Just., D. 8, 1 πῦρ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ἀνήφθη; Chariton 2, 4, 7 πῦρ εἰς τ. ψυχήν; Ael. Aristid. 28, 110 K.=49 p. 527 D.: τὸ ἱερὸν κ. θεῖον πῦρ τὸ ἐκ Διός; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 5; PGrenf I=Coll. Alex. p. 177 ln. 15 [II B.C.] of the fire of love; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21] of God’s wrath) ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ Js 3:6 (s. γλῶσσα 1a). The saying of Jesus πῦρ ἦλθον βαλεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν Lk 12:49 seems, in the context where it is now found, to refer to the fire of discord (s. vss. 51–53). πῦρ is also taken as fig. in Agr 3, the sense of which, however, cannot be determined w. certainty (s. Unknown Sayings, 54–56) ὁ ἐγγύς μου ἐγγὺς τοῦ πυρός. ὁ δὲ μακρὰν ἀπʼ ἐμοῦ μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας (cp. ἐγγύς 3; ἐγγὺς εἶναι τοῦ πυρός as someth. dangerous also Chariton 6, 3, 9). On the difficult pass. πᾶς πυρὶ ἁλισθήσεται Mk 9:49 and its variants s. ἁλίζω and cp. ἅλας b (s. also NColeman, JTS 24, 1923, 381–96, ET 48, ’37, 360–62; PHaupt, Salted with Fire: AJP 45, 1924, 242–45; AFridrichsen, Würzung durch Feuer: SymbOsl 4, 1926, 36–38; JdeZwaan, Met vuur gezouten worden, Mc 9:49: NThSt 11, 1928, 179–82; RHarris, ET 48, ’37, 185f; SEitrem, Opferritus u. Voropfer der Griechen u. Römer 1915, 309–44. JBauer, TZ 15, ’59, 446–50; HZimmermann [Mk 9:49], TQ 139, ’59, 28–39; TBaarda [Mk 9:49], NTS 5, ’59, 318–21).—B. 71; RAC VII 786–90; BHHW I 479f. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.